TTchem-seq Protocol

TTchem-seq / DRB-TTchem-seq — Experimental Protocol

Source: Gregersen, Mitter & Svejstrup, Nature Protocols (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0262-3 This file keeps only the actionable materials/reagents/procedure/troubleshooting/timing content from the original paper (narrative/background sections removed).

Fig. 1a — TTchem-seq overview: in vivo 4SU labeling → total RNA extraction + yeast 4TU spike-in → RNA fragmentation → biotinylation → streptavidin pull-down → strand-specific library prep → sequencing → bioinformatics analysis.

Fig. 1b — DRB/TTchem-seq: 3.5 h DRB incubation synchronizes RNAPII near the TSS, then release + 10 min 4SU pulse at each of 10/20/30/40 min after release.

Key limits to keep in mind

Materials

Biological materials

Reagents

Equipment

Software

Reagent setup

CRITICAL Use RNase-free, molecular biology–grade materials and water for all solutions.

Procedure

A. Cell culture and 4SU labeling — Timing 24 h

  1. Seed cells at 50% confluency in a 10-cm dish, one dish per time point/sample/control; grow overnight (e.g., HEK293: high-glucose DMEM + 10% FBS + 2 mM L-glutamine). - CRITICAL STEP Always count cells to seed the same number each time (e.g., 2×10⁶ HEK293 cells/10-cm plate → ~50% confluency at seeding, ~70–80% next day; adjust per cell line). - Choose option A (TTchem-seq) or option B (DRB/TTchem-seq).

(A) TTchem-seq — 4SU only - (i) Add 4SU directly to medium to 1 mM final (e.g., 20 µL of 0.5 M 4SU into 10 mL medium), mix, incubate 15 min. - CRITICAL STEP Keep 4SU exposure time identical across all samples/controls. When processing many samples, stagger 4SU addition by 1 min per dish so each can be stopped at exactly the same elapsed time.

(B) DRB/TTchem-seq — DRB + 4SU - (i) Treat with 100 µM DRB for 3.5 h per time point (typically 10, 20, 30, 40 min after release); e.g. 10 µL of 100 mM DRB stock into 10 mL medium. - CRITICAL STEP Stagger DRB treatment/release times across samples to keep timing exact. - (ii) Release DRB with 3× washes of 10 mL pre-warmed (37 °C) PBS, then add pre-warmed fresh medium: - 10-min release: add fresh medium + 1 mM 4SU immediately after washes; label 10 min. - 20-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 10 min, then add 4SU to 1 mM for the last 10 min. - 30-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 20 min, then 4SU for the last 10 min. - 40-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 30 min, then 4SU for the last 10 min. - CRITICAL STEP Keep the 4SU pulse exactly 10 min for every sample/control; stagger 4SU additions when processing multiple samples in parallel.

  1. Aspirate medium, stop labeling by adding 1 mL TRIzol per 10-cm dish (scale up for bigger dishes). Scrape cells with a cell lifter into a microcentrifuge tube. - ! CAUTION TRIzol is toxic — work in a fume hood; aspirate medium then quickly move the dish to the hood before adding TRIzol. - PAUSE POINT Cells in TRIzol: RT up to 30 min while collecting other samples, or −80 °C up to 1 year.

B. Total RNA extraction — Timing 4–5 h

  1. Add 200 µL chloroform per 1 mL TRIzol–cell mixture, shake 30 s, spin 12,000g, 15 min, 4 °C. - ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP TRIzol/chloroform + isopropanol precipitation is preferred over column kits (not limited to ~100 µg binding capacity).
  2. Spin phase-lock-gel tubes 12,000g, 20–30 s, RT to settle gel. Transfer upper aqueous phase from Step 3 onto the gel. Add equal volume chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). Shake, spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C. - ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP phase-lock-gel tubes prevent organic-phase carryover.
  3. Transfer upper aqueous phase to a new tube, add 1.1 vol isopropanol, RT 20 min, spin 12,000g, 20 min, 4 °C to pellet RNA. - CRITICAL STEP Do not transfer any organic phase.
  4. Wash pellet in 750 µL 85% ethanol (don't disturb pellet), spin 7,500g, 5 min, 4 °C.
  5. Discard ethanol, air-dry pellet, resuspend in 50–100 µL RNase-free water. Measure concentration (Qubit RNA BR, expect >1 µg/µL) and check integrity (Bioanalyzer, Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit). - CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly (P1000 → quick spin 1,000g/RT/5s → P20 ultra-thin tip); air-dry until pellet edges look slightly transparent (~2–3 min) before resuspending. - CRITICAL STEP Use Qubit, not NanoDrop (NanoDrop overestimates RNA concentration) — accurate total-RNA quantitation is required for correct yeast spike-in dosing. (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table) - PAUSE POINT Mammalian total 4SU-RNA: −80 °C up to 1 year.

C. Preparation of yeast 4SU-RNA spike-ins — Timing 24 h

  1. Grow 5-mL pre-culture of S. cerevisiae BY4741 in YPD (2% glucose) overnight at 30 °C, shaking.
  2. Dilute to OD600 = 0.1 in 50 mL, grow at 30 °C to OD600 = 0.8 (mid-log; usually 5–7 h).
  3. Label with 4TU to 5 mM final (e.g., 250 µL of 1 M stock into 50 mL culture), 5 min at 30 °C. Spin 500g, 5 min, 4 °C.
  4. Resuspend pellet in 300 µL enzymatic yeast RNA extraction buffer with lyticase, incubate 30 min at 30 °C.
  5. Purify RNA with PureLink RNA Mini Kit (yeast enzymatic protocol). Elute in 300 µL RNase-free water.
  6. Measure concentration (Qubit RNA BR; expect 500 ng/µL–1 µg/µL). PAUSE POINT −80 °C up to 1 year.

D. Assessment of 4SU incorporation by dot or slot blot — Timing 7 h

  1. Prepare 2–10 µg total RNA (from Step 7 or 13) per sample in 247 µL RNase-free water.
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep mammalian and yeast RNA separate for this assessment (yeast 4TU signal at 5 min ≫ mammalian 4SU signal at 10–15 min).
  2. Add 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker (in DMF); RT, 30 min, dark.
  3. Purify biotinylated RNA on phase-lock-gel tubes with 250 µL phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C; keep upper aqueous phase.
    • ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP Use phenol/chloroform, not column kits — kit buffers often contain reducing agents that cleave the biotin disulfide bond.
  4. Precipitate with 1/10 vol 5 M NaCl + 1.1 vol isopropanol; invert, RT 10 min.
  5. Spin 20,000g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  6. Wash pellet in 500 µL 85% ethanol, spin 20,000g, 5 min, 4 °C.
    • CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly as in Step 7; air-dry ~2–3 min before resuspending.
  7. Reconstitute in 10 µL RNase-free water.
  8. Soak Hybond-N membrane + Whatman paper in RNase-free water; assemble in dot/slot blot apparatus; connect vacuum.
    • CRITICAL STEP Pre-wet membrane/paper, ensure a tight seal to prevent well-to-well diffusion.
  9. Load 10 µL sample (2–10 µg biotinylated RNA) per well.
    • CRITICAL STEP Optional 0.001% bromophenol blue helps visualize loading.
  10. Turn off vacuum, disassemble, mark membrane orientation (cut a corner).
  11. UV-crosslink at 0.2 J/cm² (254 nm).
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep UV dose constant, not exposure time (bulb output varies with warm-up).
  12. Block in dot/slot blot blocking buffer, 20 min, RT.
    • CRITICAL STEP Don't let blocking buffer get cold (SDS precipitates below RT).
  13. Probe with 1:50,000 HRP-streptavidin (1 mg/mL) in blocking buffer, 15 min, RT.
  14. Wash: 2× blocking buffer (10 min), 2× wash buffer I (10 min), 2× wash buffer II (10 min).
  15. Detect with ECL (dilute 1:5 if signal too strong).
    • CRITICAL STEP Yeast (4TU) signal is ~100× the mammalian (4SU) signal. (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table)
  16. Stain for RNA loading with staining buffer, 10 min RT; de-stain with water washes (last wash can be overnight); image on a scanner.
    • CRITICAL STEP Wash enough to remove background but not so much that RNA stain is lost.

E. RNA fragmentation — Timing 1 h

  1. Mix 100 µg 4SU-labeled mammalian RNA (Step 7) + 1 µg yeast 4TU-RNA (Step 13) in 100 µL RNase-free water (on ice) per sample. Add 20 µL 1 M NaOH, incubate 20 min on ice.
    • CRITICAL STEP Same yeast spike-in amount in every sample; dilute yeast RNA to avoid <2 µL pipetting.
    • CRITICAL STEP Spike-ins are added to extracted RNA (not to the TRIzol–cell mixture, since cells can't be counted post-TRIzol); if per-cell RNA content is expected to change, base spike-in dosing on parallel cell counts instead.
    • CRITICAL STEP Ice incubation time controls fragment size; extend to 30–40 min for shorter fragments.
  2. Stop fragmentation with 80 µL 1 M Tris pH 6.8; proceed immediately to Micro Bio-Spin P-30 clean-up.
    • CRITICAL STEP Tris alone doesn't fully stop fragmentation — go straight to the columns.
  3. Prepare Micro Bio-Spin P-30 columns: invert to resuspend gel, snap tips, drain packing buffer by gravity (~2 min), then spin 1,000g, 2 min, RT to remove residual buffer.
  4. Apply 200 µL sample (from Step 31) to column center; spin 1,000g, 4 min, RT; collect flow-through.
  5. Repeat clean-up (new column) using all Step-33 eluate; collect final flow-through as fragmented RNA in Tris buffer.
    • CRITICAL STEP Two rounds are needed to fully neutralize pH and stop fragmentation.
    • PAUSE POINT On ice a few hours, or −80 °C up to 1 year.

F. Biotinylation of 4SU-RNA — Timing 2 h

  1. Add 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker (in DMF) to the 200 µL fragmented RNA (Step 34); RT, 30 min, dark.
  2. Purify on phase-lock-gel tubes with 250 µL phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C; keep aqueous phase.
    • ! CAUTION fume hood.
  3. Precipitate with 1/10 vol 5 M NaCl + 1.1 vol isopropanol; invert, RT 10 min.
  4. Spin 20,000g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  5. Wash pellet in 500 µL 85% ethanol, spin 20,000g, 5 min, 4 °C, discard ethanol.
    • CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly, as in Step 7.
  6. Reconstitute in 50 µL RNase-free water. PAUSE POINT on ice a few hours, or −80 °C a few days.

G. Streptavidin pull-down of 4SU-RNA — Timing 2–3 h

  1. Denature biotinylated RNA (Step 40) 65 °C, 10 min; cool on ice 5 min.
  2. Add 200 µL µMACS streptavidin MicroBeads; rotate 15 min, RT.
  3. Rinse a µColumn (on the magnetic separator) with 100 µL nucleic acid equilibration buffer.
    • CRITICAL STEP Use a 2-mL syringe plunger to press out air bubbles and start flow.
  4. Load beads+RNA onto the column; magnetic beads retain, non-4SU RNA flows through (optionally collect as "non-4SU preexisting RNA").
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep the column on the magnet throughout washing/elution.
  5. Wash column 2× with 500 µL pre-warmed (55 °C) pull-down wash buffer.
  6. Elute with 100 µL elution buffer (RT); repeat after 5 min with another 100 µL; pool eluates.
    • CRITICAL STEP Prepare elution buffer immediately before use.
  7. Clean up/concentrate eluate(s) with RNeasy MinElute: for a 200-µL sample, add 700 µL RLT buffer + 1,050 µL 100% ethanol, apply over 3 rounds (700 µL onto column, spin 11,000g/30s/RT, discard flow-through, repeat), then follow Qiagen protocol. Elute in 15 µL RNase-free water.
    • CRITICAL STEP The extra ethanol (1.5× vs. standard protocol) is required to retain <200-nt fragments, which the standard MinElute protocol would discard.
  8. Check size on Bioanalyzer (Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit) — should match Step-34 fragment size. Measure concentration with Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit.
    • CRITICAL STEP Use Qubit, not NanoDrop. Typical yield: 200–700 ng 4SU-RNA per 100 µg total RNA (TTchem-seq); ~50–100 ng (DRB/TTchem-seq, due to RNAPII synchronization near TSS). (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table)
    • PAUSE POINT −80 °C, up to a few weeks before library prep.

H. Strand-specific library preparation — Timing 2 d

  1. Prepare libraries from purified 4SU-RNA using any strand-specific, Illumina-compatible kit (e.g., KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit or KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit). No further RNA fragmentation is needed — follow the kit's "degraded RNA" protocol: 30 s at 65 °C with 2× fragment/prime/elute buffer (KAPA Stranded) or 1 min at 65 °C (KAPA RNA HyperPrep), before first-strand synthesis.
    • CRITICAL STEP Best coverage from >50 ng 4SU-RNA input; typically start from ~100–300 ng (as little as 10 ng can work).
  2. Follow the kit's remaining steps. Optional test PCR to set cycle number: pause after 6 cycles, remove 10–20% aliquot, continue removing an aliquot every 2 cycles; run on 6% TBE gel with SYBR Gold; pick "two cycles before saturation" (typically 6–9 cycles total).
  3. QC the final library for concentration and size (typically 280–300 nt peak with KAPA kits). PAUSE POINT −20 °C, several months.

I. High-throughput sequencing — Timing 16 h

  1. Sequence single-end or paired-end, ~50–70 million reads/sample (HiSeq 2500/4000 or equivalent).
    • CRITICAL STEP 3–4 samples/lane on HiSeq 4000 for high-resolution single-gene profiles; more multiplexing (aiming ~30 million reads/sample) is OK if only metagene profiles are needed.

J. Bioinformatics analysis — Timing 2–5 d

  1. QC with FastQC (or similar).
    • CRITICAL STEP At 50–70 million reads/sample, expect >45–65 million mapped reads after trimming/alignment. Lower depth (e.g. 30 million) may work but is risky for single-gene conclusions, especially DRB/TTchem-seq at later time points.
  2. Alignment: build STAR genome indices for target (e.g. GRCh38) and spike-in (sacCer3) genomes; align with --quantMode GeneCounts (adjust for single-/paired-end); sort/index/mark-duplicates with SAMtools or Picard.
  3. Scale factors: build a yeast gene-count matrix from spike-in alignments (STAR *.ReadsPerGene.out.tab, or htseq-count / GenomicAlignments::summarizeOverlaps); pass to DESeq2's estimateSizeFactors. If counts aren't applicable, use total unique mapped reads instead.
  4. BigWig files: split target BAM into forward/reverse strand with SAMtools; convert each to a scaled BigWig with deepTools bamCoverage --scaleFactor.
    • (A) Metagene profiles (TTchem-seq): (i) build sense/antisense gene-body and TSS meta-profiles with ngs.plot –SS; for paired data, first restrict to mate-1 reads with SAMtools.
    • (B) RNAPII elongation rates (DRB/TTchem-seq only):
    • (i) Extended TSS meta-profiles: using R GRanges + GTF, build TSS-region intervals (−2 kb : +120 kb) for non-overlapping, 60–300 kb protein-coding genes (Ensembl gene view) on standard chromosomes; compute base-pair read-depth with bamsignals::bamCoverage; scale to RPM; take a 0.01-trimmed mean per bp.
    • (ii) Wave peak calling, metagene: fit smooth.spline (spar = 0.9) to each meta-profile; call the wave peak as the spline maximum; require peaks to advance monotonically with time.
    • (iii) Wave peak calling, single gene: same, per gene; filter out genes with total coverage <100 over the region, missing values, non-advancing peaks, or (optionally) a first-time-point peak <2 kb. Scripts: DRB-TTseq.R / DRB-TTseq.Rmd on https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2
    • (iv) Elongation rate: linear fit of wave-peak position vs. time (kb/min); optionally include an assumed t=0, position=0 point.
    • CRITICAL STEP Reference scripts/data: https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq (release v1.2 zip includes code + data).

Troubleshooting

Step Problem Possible reason Solution
7 Degraded RNA before fragmentation RNase contamination Use clean tips/fresh RNase-free buffers; wear gloves; clean pipettes with RNaseZAP
28 No dot/slot blot signal Lack of 4SU incorporation Confirm 4SU concentration/storage (light-sensitive); use 200 µM 4SU overnight or 5-min 5 mM 4TU yeast labeling as positive control (~100× stronger signal)
28 No dot/slot blot signal No biotinylation of 4SU residues If the positive control also fails, biotinylation likely failed — remake MTSEA biotin-XX linker, store at −80 °C protected from light
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Insufficient 4SU incorporation Check incorporation by dot/slot blot before pull-down; scale up starting material if yield <50 ng
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Inactive biotin linker Aliquot MTSEA biotin-XX, store dark at −80 °C, use within a year
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Poor elution Use freshly prepared elution buffer
RNA fragments too short after hydrolysis Over-fragmentation Perform hydrolysis on ice; add 1 M Tris pH 6.8 immediately after the 20-min incubation and proceed straight to Micro Bio-Spin P-30 clean-up
High background in non-4SU control Pull-down not stringent enough Pre-heat pull-down wash buffer to 55 °C (keep pre-heated aliquots); can add 2 washes in 8 M guanidinium chloride + 3 washes in TE (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA) at 55 °C

Timing

Stage Steps Time
Cell culture and 4SU incorporation 1–2 24 h
Total RNA extraction 3–7 4–5 h
Yeast 4SU-RNA spike-in prep 8–13 24 h
Assessment of 4SU incorporation (dot/slot blot) 14–29 7 h
RNA fragmentation 30–34 1 h
Biotinylation of 4SU-RNA 35–40 2 h
Streptavidin pull-down of 4SU-RNA 41–48 2–3 h
Strand-specific library preparation 49–51 2 d
High-throughput sequencing 52 16 h
Bioinformatics analysis 53–56 2–5 d

Reference data

TTchem-seq / DRB-TTchem-seq — 实验操作规程(中文对照版)

来源:Gregersen, Mitter & Svejstrup, Nature Protocols (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0262-3 本文件仅保留原文中可直接用于实验操作的材料/试剂/步骤/排障/时间安排部分(已移除背景叙述),与 protocol.md 一一对应,专业名词、试剂名、货号、数值单位保持英文原文不译。

图 1a — TTchem-seq 总览:体内 4SU 标记 → 总 RNA 提取 + 酵母 4TU spike-in → RNA 片段化 → 生物素化 → streptavidin 富集 → 链特异性建库 → 测序 → 生信分析。

图 1b — DRB/TTchem-seq:DRB 孵育 3.5 h 使 RNAPII 同步聚集在 TSS 附近,随后释放并在释放后 10/20/30/40 min 各做 10 min 的 4SU 脉冲标记。

重要提示(务必牢记)

材料

生物材料

试剂

仪器设备

软件

试剂配制

关键:所有溶液均须使用无 RNase、分子生物学级材料和水。

实验步骤

A. 细胞培养与 4SU 标记 —— 用时 24 h

  1. 将细胞以 50% 融合度接种于 10-cm 培养皿,每个时间点/样本/对照各一皿,过夜培养(例如 HEK293:高糖 DMEM + 10% FBS + 2 mM L-glutamine)。 - 关键步骤 每次实验都要计数接种,保证细胞数一致(例如每 10-cm 皿接种 2×10⁶ 个 HEK293 细胞,接种时约 50% 融合度,次日约 70–80%;需根据细胞系调整)。 - 根据目的选择 方案 A(TTchem-seq)或 方案 B(DRB/TTchem-seq)。

(A)TTchem-seq —— 仅 4SU - (i) 将 4SU 直接加入培养基至终浓度 1 mM(例如 20 µL 0.5 M 4SU 加入 10 mL 培养基),混匀,孵育 15 min。 - 关键步骤 所有样本/对照的 4SU 孵育时间必须完全一致。多样本同时处理时,每皿间隔 1 min 加 4SU,以便在相同的经过时间点统一终止标记。

(B)DRB/TTchem-seq —— DRB + 4SU - (i) 每个时间点用 100 µM DRB 处理 3.5 h(通常做释放后 10、20、30、40 min 四个时间点);例如 10 µL 100 mM DRB 母液加入 10 mL 培养基。 - 关键步骤 多个时间点应错开 DRB 处理/释放时间,以保证各样本计时精确。 - (ii) 用 3 次预热(37 °C)的 10 mL PBS 洗涤以解除 DRB 抑制,随后加入预热的新鲜培养基: - 10 min 释放:洗涤后立即加入含 1 mM 4SU 的新鲜培养基,标记 10 min。 - 20 min 释放:先加不含 4SU 的新鲜培养基孵育 10 min,再加 4SU 至 1 mM,标记最后 10 min。 - 30 min 释放:不含 4SU 培养基孵育 20 min,再加 4SU 标记最后 10 min。 - 40 min 释放:不含 4SU 培养基孵育 30 min,再加 4SU 标记最后 10 min。 - 关键步骤 每个样本/对照的 4SU 脉冲必须精确为 10 min;多样本并行处理时应错开加 4SU 的时间。

  1. 吸去培养基,每个 10-cm 皿加入 1 mL TRIzol 终止标记(大皿按比例增加)。用细胞刮刀将细胞刮入 TRIzol 混合液,收集到离心管中。 - ! 注意 TRIzol 有毒,须在通风橱内操作;先吸去培养基,再迅速将培养皿移入通风橱加入 TRIzol。 - 暂停点 细胞可在 TRIzol 中于 RT 保存最长 30 min(用于收集其他样本),或 −80 °C 长期保存(最长 1 年)。

B. 总 RNA 提取 —— 用时 4–5 h

  1. 每 1 mL TRIzol–细胞混合液加入 200 µL 氯仿,剧烈振荡 30 s,12,000g、15 min、4 °C 离心。 - ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 推荐用 TRIzol/氯仿抽提后异丙醇沉淀,而非柱式试剂盒(柱式通常限制在约 100 µg 结合容量)。
  2. 相分离凝胶管以 12,000g、20–30 s、RT 离心使凝胶沉底。将步骤 3 上层水相转移到凝胶管上层。加入等体积氯仿/异戊醇(24:1)。振荡后 12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心。 - ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 相分离凝胶管可避免有机相污染。
  3. 将步骤 4 上层水相转移至新管,加入 1.1 倍体积异丙醇,RT 静置 20 min,12,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心沉淀 RNA。 - 关键步骤 切勿吸取有机相。
  4. 用 750 µL 85%(vol/vol)乙醇洗涤 RNA 沉淀(不要打散沉淀),7,500g、5 min、4 °C 离心。
  5. 弃去乙醇,风干沉淀,用 50–100 µL 无 RNase 水重悬。用 Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit 测浓度(应 >1 µg/µL),并用 Bioanalyzer(Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit)检查完整性。 - 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇(先用 P1000 吸走大部分,快速离心 1,000g/RT/5 s,再用带超细吸头的 P20 吸尽剩余液体);风干至沉淀边缘略透明(约 2–3 min)后再溶解。 - 关键步骤 必须用 Qubit 而非 NanoDrop 测浓度(NanoDrop 容易高估 RNA 浓度)——准确测定总 RNA 浓度对于正确加入酵母 spike-in 至关重要。(? 排障,见下表) - 暂停点 哺乳动物总 4SU-RNA 可于 −80 °C 保存最长 1 年。

C. 酵母 4SU-RNA spike-in 制备 —— 用时 24 h

  1. S. cerevisiae BY4741 接种于 5 mL YPD(含 2% glucose)中,30 °C 摇床过夜(ON)培养预培养物。
  2. 将酵母培养物稀释至 OD600 = 0.1(50 mL 培养体系),30 °C 培养至 OD600 = 0.8(对数中期;通常需 5–7 h)。
  3. 加入 4TU 至终浓度 5 mM 进行标记(例如 250 µL 1 M 4TU 母液加入 50 mL 培养液),30 °C 标记 5 min。500g、5 min、4 °C 离心收集细胞。
  4. 将细胞沉淀重悬于 300 µL 含 lyticase 的酵母 RNA 酶解提取缓冲液中,转移至离心管,30 °C 孵育 30 min。
  5. 用 PureLink RNA Mini Kit(酵母酶解方案)按说明书纯化 RNA。用 300 µL 无 RNase 水洗脱。
  6. 用 Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit 测浓度(预期 500 ng/µL–1 µg/µL)。暂停点 −80 °C 可保存最长 1 年。

D. 通过 dot 或 slot blot 检测 4SU 掺入效率 —— 用时 7 h

  1. 每个样本取 2–10 µg 总 RNA(来自步骤 7 或 13),用无 RNase 水配至总体积 247 µL。
    • 关键步骤 检测阶段哺乳动物和酵母 RNA 样本须分开处理(酵母 5 min 的 4TU 信号远强于哺乳动物 10–15 min 的 4SU 信号)。
  2. 加入 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker(溶于 DMF);RT 避光孵育 30 min。
  3. 用相分离凝胶管配合 250 µL 苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇(25:24:1)纯化生物素化 RNA;12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心;保留上层水相。
    • ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 须用苯酚/氯仿而非柱式试剂盒纯化——试剂盒缓冲液常含还原剂,会切断生物素连接的二硫键。
  4. 加入 1/10 体积 5 M NaCl + 1.1 倍体积异丙醇沉淀;颠倒混匀,RT 静置 10 min。
  5. 20,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  6. 用 500 µL 85% 乙醇洗涤沉淀,20,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心。
    • 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇,方法同步骤 7;风干约 2–3 min 后再溶解。
  7. 用 10 µL 无 RNase 水重悬沉淀。
  8. 将 Hybond-N 膜和 Whatman 滤纸在无 RNase 水中浸泡,装入 dot/slot blot 装置;接通真空泵。
    • 关键步骤 组装前须充分浸润膜和滤纸,并确保装置密封良好,防止样本在孔间扩散。
  9. 每孔加样 10 µL(含 2–10 µg 生物素化 RNA)。
    • 关键步骤 可加入 0.001%(wt/vol)溴酚蓝以帮助观察加样过程。
  10. 关闭真空泵,拆卸装置,剪去膜一角以标记方向。
  11. UV 交联,剂量 0.2 J/cm²(254 nm),使用 Stratalinker 或同类设备。
    • 关键步骤 应保持 UV 剂量 恒定而非照射时间恒定(灯管预热状态不同会影响实际剂量)。
  12. 用封闭液封闭膜,RT 孵育 20 min。
    • 关键步骤 封闭液温度不能过低(低于 RT 时 SDS 会析出沉淀)。
  13. 用 1:50,000 稀释的 1 mg/mL HRP-streptavidin(溶于封闭液)孵育膜,RT 15 min。
  14. 洗膜:封闭液洗 2 次(各 10 min),洗涤液 I 洗 2 次(各 10 min),洗涤液 II 洗 2 次(各 10 min)。
  15. 用 ECL 试剂显色检测(若信号过强可将 ECL 试剂用水稀释 1:5)。
    • 关键步骤 酵母(4TU)信号约为哺乳动物(4SU)信号的 ~100 倍。(? 排障,见下表)
  16. 用染色液对膜进行 RNA 上样量染色,RT 10 min;用水多次脱色(最后一次可过夜);用扫描仪拍照记录。
    • 关键步骤 需洗去背景染色,但也不要过度洗涤以免把 RNA 本身的染色也洗掉。

E. RNA 片段化 —— 用时 1 h

  1. 每个样本将 100 µg 4SU 标记的哺乳动物 RNA(步骤 7)与 1 µg 酵母 4TU-RNA(步骤 13)混合于 100 µL 无 RNase 水中(置于冰上)。加入 20 µL 1 M NaOH,冰上孵育 20 min。
    • 关键步骤 各样本加入的酵母 spike-in 量必须一致;酵母 RNA 应事先稀释以避免移取体积 <2 µL。
    • 关键步骤 spike-in 加在提取后的 RNA 中(而非 TRIzol–细胞混合液中),因为 TRIzol 处理后无法再计数细胞;若预期细胞内 RNA 总量会变化,应改为按平行培养皿的细胞计数来加 spike-in。
    • 关键步骤 冰上孵育时间决定片段长度;如需更短片段,可延长至 30–40 min。
  2. 加入 80 µL 1 M Tris pH 6.8 终止片段化反应,并立即进行 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 纯化。
    • 关键步骤 单独加 Tris 不足以完全终止片段化——须立即上柱纯化。
  3. 制备 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 柱:颠倒使凝胶重悬,掰断柱尖,重力排出多余包装缓冲液(约 2 min),再 1,000g、2 min、RT 离心去除残余缓冲液。
  4. 将 200 µL 样本(来自步骤 31)加至柱中心;1,000g、4 min、RT 离心;收集流出液。
  5. 用新柱重复步骤 32–33 纯化流程(取步骤 33 全部洗脱液上样);收集最终流出液,即 Tris 缓冲液中的片段化 RNA。
    • 关键步骤 须进行两轮纯化以确保 RNA 溶液恢复中性 pH,防止继续片段化。
    • 暂停点 可短期置于冰上(数小时),或 −80 °C 保存最长 1 年。

F. 4SU-RNA 生物素化 —— 用时 2 h

  1. 向步骤 34 所得 200 µL 片段化 RNA 中加入 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker(溶于 DMF),混匀;RT 避光孵育 30 min。
  2. 用相分离凝胶管配合 250 µL 苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇(25:24:1)纯化;12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心;保留水相。
    • ! 注意 通风橱操作。
  3. 加入 1/10 体积 5 M NaCl + 1.1 倍体积异丙醇沉淀;颠倒混匀,RT 静置 10 min。
  4. 20,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  5. 用 500 µL 85% 乙醇洗涤沉淀,20,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心,弃乙醇。
    • 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇,方法同步骤 7。
  6. 用 50 µL 无 RNase 水重悬。暂停点 可短期置于冰上(数小时),或 −80 °C 保存数天。

G. 4SU-RNA 的 Streptavidin 富集 —— 用时 2–3 h

  1. 将生物素化 RNA(步骤 40)65 °C 变性 10 min;冰上快速冷却 5 min。
  2. 加入 200 µL µMACS streptavidin MicroBeads,旋转孵育 15 min,RT。
  3. 将 µColumn 置于磁力分离架上,用 100 µL nucleic acid equilibration buffer 润洗柱子。
    • 关键步骤 用 2-mL 注射器活塞轻压柱顶以排出气泡并启动流动。
  4. 将磁珠+RNA 样本加至柱顶:磁珠会被固定在柱基质中,非 4SU-RNA 流出(可选择收集作为"非 4SU 标记的原有 RNA")。
    • 关键步骤 整个洗涤和洗脱过程中须始终将柱保持在磁力架上。
  5. 用预热(55 °C)的 pull-down 洗涤液洗柱 2 次,每次 500 µL。
  6. 加入 100 µL 洗脱液(RT)洗脱 4SU-RNA 并收集洗脱液;5 min 后用另外 100 µL 洗脱液重复洗脱一次,合并两次洗脱液。
    • 关键步骤 洗脱液须现配现用。
  7. 用 RNeasy MinElute 对洗脱液进行纯化浓缩:以 200 µL 样本为例,加入 700 µL RLT buffer + 1,050 µL 100% 乙醇,分三次上样至柱(每次 700 µL 混合液上柱,11,000g/30 s/RT 离心,弃流出液,加入下一部分),随后按 Qiagen 说明书完成剩余步骤。用 15 µL 无 RNase 水洗脱。
    • 关键步骤 相较标准 RNeasy MinElute 方案,须多加 1.5×(vol/vol)乙醇才能保留 <200 nt 的片段(标准方案会丢弃这些小片段)。
  8. 用 Bioanalyzer(Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit)检查纯化后 4SU-RNA 的大小——应与步骤 34 片段化后的大小一致。用 Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit 测浓度以确定建库前浓度。
    • 关键步骤 须用 Qubit 而非 NanoDrop 测浓度。典型产量:TTchem-seq 每 100 µg 总 RNA 得 200–700 ng 4SU-RNA;DRB/TTchem-seq 由于 RNAPII 在 TSS 附近同步化,产量约 50–100 ng。(? 排障,见下表)
    • 暂停点 −80 °C 可保存数周,待建库。

H. 链特异性建库 —— 用时 2 d

  1. 用纯化的 4SU-RNA 制备高通量测序文库,可使用任意标准的链特异性、Illumina 兼容建库试剂盒(如 KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit,或 KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit)。由于 RNA 已在前面片段化,建库过程无需再次片段化——按试剂盒的"降解 RNA"方案操作:一链合成前先用 2× fragment/prime/elute buffer 于 65 °C 孵育 30 s(KAPA Stranded)或 65 °C 孵育 1 min(KAPA RNA HyperPrep)。
    • 关键步骤 起始量 >50 ng 4SU-RNA 时覆盖度效果最佳;通常从 ~100–300 ng 起始(最少 10 ng 也可能成功)。
  2. 按试剂盒说明完成剩余建库步骤。可选做一次测试 PCR 来确定循环数:设置最终 PCR,在第 6 个循环后暂停,取出 10–20% 体积置于冰上,之后每隔 2 个循环再取一次;加 loading dye 后跑 6% TBE 胶,SYBR Gold 染色,UV 下观察;选择"饱和前两个循环"作为最终循环数(通常为 6–9 个循环)。
  3. 对最终文库进行常规质控,确定 DNA 浓度并确认片段大小(取决于 RNA 片段大小及试剂盒接头长度;用 KAPA 试剂盒典型峰值为 280–300 nt)。暂停点 −20 °C 可保存数月。

I. 高通量测序 —— 用时 16 h

  1. 以单端或双端模式测序(选择依据见原文 Introduction),每样本约 50–70 M reads(HiSeq 2500、HiSeq 4000 或其他兼容平台)。
    • 关键步骤 所需测序深度取决于下游分析和生物学问题。为获得高分辨率的单基因图谱(即使是低表达蛋白编码基因和 lncRNA),通常每条 lane 上样 3–4 个样本(HiSeq 4000)。若只需 metagene 图谱,可增加多重上样量,目标约 30 M reads/样本。

J. 生信分析 —— 用时 2–5 d

  1. 用 FastQC(或类似软件)评估文库质量。
    • 关键步骤 每样本测序深度为 50–70 M reads 时,经接头修剪和比对后预期获得 >45–65 M 有效比对 reads。较低深度(如 30 M)也可能可用,但基于单基因结论会更不可靠,尤其在 DRB/TTchem-seq 释放后期时间点信号更分散的情况下。
  2. 比对:为目标基因组(如 Homo sapiens GRCh38)和 spike-in 基因组(S. cerevisiae sacCer3)构建 STAR 基因组索引(结合现有基因注释);用 STAR 加 --quantMode GeneCounts 参数进行比对(根据单端/双端调整);用 SAMtools 或 Picard 对生成的 BAM 文件排序、建索引、标记重复。
  3. Scale factor 计算:该步骤利用酵母 spike-in 的 read 数为每个测序样本做归一化,计算假设各样本中 spike-in 等量存在的"scale factor"。用比对到 spike-in 的结果生成酵母基因水平计数矩阵,输入 Bioconductor DESeq2 包的 estimateSizeFactors 函数计算 scale factor。基因计数可来自各样本 spike-in 比对的 STAR 输出文件(*.ReadsPerGene.out.tab),或直接从 BAM 文件用 htseq-count 或 Bioconductor GenomicAlignments::summarizeOverlaps 生成计数矩阵。若计数信息不适用,可改用 BAM 文件中唯一比对 reads 总数来计算 scale factor。
  4. 生成 BigWig 文件:先用 SAMtools 将目标 BAM 文件拆分为正链和负链两个 BAM 文件;再用 deepTools 的 bamCoverage --scaleFactor 参数将每个链特异性 BAM 文件转换为经过 scale factor 校正的 BigWig 文件。若要制作 TTchem-seq 的 metagene 图谱用方案 A;若要计算 RNAPII 延伸速率用方案 B。
    • (A)TTchem-seq 的 metagene 图谱:(i) 基因体和 TSS meta-profile:用 ngs.plot 的 –SS 选项制作正义/反义链的基因体和 TSS 区域 meta-profile;若为双端数据,先用 SAMtools 将 BAM 文件限制为仅 mate 1 的 reads。
    • (B)RNAPII 延伸速率计算(仅 DRB/TTchem-seq)
    • (i) 扩展 TSS meta-profile:用 R 的 GRanges 包和 GTF 基因注释文件,为标准染色体上长度 60–300 kb、互不重叠的蛋白编码基因(采用 Ensembl gene view,即合并所有转录本区间来定义基因边界)建立一组 TSS 区域基因组区间(−2 kb : +120 kb)。用 bamsignals::bamCoverage 函数从 BAM 文件计算这些区间上碱基级别的读段深度,将覆盖度归一化为 RPM(reads per million),并对每个碱基位置的 RPM 取 0.01 截尾均值。
    • (ii) Metagene 波峰计算:对每条扩展 TSS meta-profile 用 smooth.spline 函数拟合平滑样条(spar = 0.9);将样条曲线的最大值点定义为波峰;仅保留波峰随时间推进(较晚时间点的波峰须位于较早时间点波峰之后)的样条区段。
    • (iii) 单基因波峰计算:原理与 metagene 波峰计算相同,但受限于单基因读段深度较低。对每个基因拟合平滑样条并将样条最大值处定义为波峰;随后过滤掉表达过低的基因(例如 −2 kb : +120 kb 区间总碱基覆盖度 <100)、存在缺失值的基因,以及波峰不随时间推进的基因;此外可选择性过滤掉首个时间点(如 10 min)波峰 <2 kb 的基因,以减少来自 TSS 区域的噪声(是否需要取决于所用的时间点设置;有时若预期转录已到达基因末端,生成过滤条件时可忽略最后一个时间点)。相关波峰计算函数见 R 脚本 DRB-TTseq.R,及对应的 R markdown 文档 DRB-TTseq.Rmd 和 HTML 文件(DRB-TTseq.html),可在 GitHub 页面获取:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2 和 https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq
    • (iv) 延伸速率计算:对计算得到的波峰位置随时间拟合线性模型,得到以 kb/min 为单位的延伸速率。若缺少 time = 0 的样本,可选择性地假设一个波峰位置为距 TSS 0 bp 的 time = 0 点纳入计算。相关计算函数见上述 GitHub 页面。
    • 关键步骤 TTchem-seq 和 DRB/TTchem-seq 分析的详细说明及示例脚本见:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2 和 https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq。该 release 页面还包含含全部代码和相关数据的 .zip 文件。

排障(Troubleshooting)

步骤 问题 可能原因 解决方案
7 片段化前 RNA 已降解 RNase 污染 使用洁净枪头和新鲜配制的无 RNase 缓冲液;操作时戴手套;用 RNaseZAP 清洁移液器
28 无 dot/slot blot 信号 4SU 掺入不足 确认加入细胞的 4SU 浓度正确;4SU 见光易分解,须避光保存;可用 200 µM 4SU 过夜标记或 5 min、5 mM 4TU 酵母标记作阳性对照(信号通常比哺乳动物强 ~100 倍)
28 无 dot/slot blot 信号 4SU 残基未被生物素化 若阳性对照(见上)也无信号,很可能是生物素化反应失败——重新配制 MTSEA biotin-XX linker,−80 °C 避光保存
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 新合成 RNA 中 4SU 掺入不足 4SU 掺入效率因细胞系而异,应在做生物素标记和富集前先用 dot/slot blot 确认掺入效率是否足够;若产量仍过低(<50 ng),可能需要增加起始材料量
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 生物素 linker 失活 分装 MTSEA biotin-XX linker,避光 −80 °C 保存,一年内用完
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 4SU-RNA 从磁珠洗脱不佳 使用新鲜配制的洗脱液进行 4SU-RNA 洗脱
水解后 RNA 片段过短 RNA 过度片段化 确保受控 RNA 碱水解在冰上进行;20 min 孵育结束后立即加入 1 M Tris pH 6.8,并立即进行 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 柱纯化
非 4SU 对照中本底过高 4SU-RNA 纯化的严格程度不够 确保 pull-down 洗涤液预热至 55 °C(提前准备小份预热液,每次洗涤各用一份);也可参考文献做法,在 1 M NaCl pull-down 洗涤液的两次洗涤基础上,增加两次 8 M 盐酸胍变性缓冲液洗涤,再于 55 °C 用 TE 缓冲液(10 mM Tris pH 7.4,1 mM EDTA)洗涤三次

时间安排

阶段 步骤 用时
细胞培养与 4SU 标记 1–2 24 h
总 RNA 提取 3–7 4–5 h
酵母 4SU-RNA spike-in 制备 8–13 24 h
dot/slot blot 检测 4SU 掺入效率 14–29 7 h
RNA 片段化 30–34 1 h
4SU-RNA 生物素化 35–40 2 h
Streptavidin 富集 4SU-RNA 41–48 2–3 h
链特异性建库 49–51 2 d
高通量测序 52 16 h
生信分析 53–56 2–5 d

参考数据

TTchem-seq / DRB-TTchem-seq — Experimental Protocol

Source: Gregersen, Mitter & Svejstrup, Nature Protocols (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0262-3 This file keeps only the actionable materials/reagents/procedure/troubleshooting/timing content from the original paper (narrative/background sections removed).

Fig. 1a — TTchem-seq overview: in vivo 4SU labeling → total RNA extraction + yeast 4TU spike-in → RNA fragmentation → biotinylation → streptavidin pull-down → strand-specific library prep → sequencing → bioinformatics analysis.

Fig. 1b — DRB/TTchem-seq: 3.5 h DRB incubation synchronizes RNAPII near the TSS, then release + 10 min 4SU pulse at each of 10/20/30/40 min after release.

TTchem-seq / DRB-TTchem-seq — 实验操作规程(中文对照版)

来源:Gregersen, Mitter & Svejstrup, Nature Protocols (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-019-0262-3 本文件仅保留原文中可直接用于实验操作的材料/试剂/步骤/排障/时间安排部分(已移除背景叙述),与 protocol.md 一一对应,专业名词、试剂名、货号、数值单位保持英文原文不译。

图 1a — TTchem-seq 总览:体内 4SU 标记 → 总 RNA 提取 + 酵母 4TU spike-in → RNA 片段化 → 生物素化 → streptavidin 富集 → 链特异性建库 → 测序 → 生信分析。

图 1b — DRB/TTchem-seq:DRB 孵育 3.5 h 使 RNAPII 同步聚集在 TSS 附近,随后释放并在释放后 10/20/30/40 min 各做 10 min 的 4SU 脉冲标记。

Key limits to keep in mind

  • RNA fragmentation limits resolution to 25–500 nt fragments; increase base-hydrolysis time for smaller (higher-resolution) fragments. Size-exclusion clean-up excludes RNA <20 nt.
  • Longer 4SU pulse → more incorporated 4SU but more co-transcriptionally processed transcript; shorter pulse → more selective but too short a pulse gives poor library yield.
  • DRB/TTchem-seq elongation-rate analysis is only reliable for genes >60 kb (RNAPII wave has already moved 10–15 kb by 10 min post-release).
  • Typical yields: ~200–700 ng 4SU-RNA per 100 µg total RNA for standard TTchem-seq; ~50–100 ng for DRB/TTchem-seq.
  • Sequence to ~50–70 million reads/sample (single-end sufficient; paired-end needed only for co-transcriptional splicing info).

重要提示(务必牢记)

  • RNA 片段化后分辨率受限于 25–500 nt 的片段长度;若需更小片段(更高分辨率),延长碱水解时间。柱纯化会排除 <20 nt 的 RNA。
  • 4SU 脉冲越长,掺入量越高,但共转录加工(processing)比例也越高;脉冲越短越"新鲜",但过短会导致掺入不足、建库质量差。
  • DRB/TTchem-seq 的延伸速率分析仅对 >60 kb 的基因可靠(释放后 10 min,RNAPII 波峰已推进 10–15 kb)。
  • 典型产量:标准 TTchem-seq 每 100 µg 总 RNA 得 ~200–700 ng 4SU-RNA;DRB/TTchem-seq 约 50–100 ng。
  • 测序深度建议每样本 ~50–70 M reads(单端已足够;双端仅在需要研究共转录剪接时才需要)。

Materials

材料

Biological materials

  • S. cerevisiae BY4741 (for spike-ins; Euroscarf, cat. no. Y00000)
  • Flp-In T-Rex 293 cell line (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. R78007, RRID: CVCL_U427) or another mammalian cell line of choice
  • ! CAUTION Routinely test for mycoplasma contamination.

生物材料

  • S. cerevisiae BY4741(用作 spike-in;Euroscarf, cat. no. Y00000)
  • Flp-In T-Rex 293 细胞系(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. R78007, RRID: CVCL_U427)或其他哺乳动物细胞系
  • ! 注意 应常规检测支原体污染。

Reagents

  • DMEM high-glucose GlutaMAX (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 10566-016)
  • Fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco/Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 10270098)
  • L-Glutamine (200 mM, Thermo Fisher, cat. no. A2916801)
  • YPD broth (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. A1374501)
  • 4-thiouridine (4SU; Glentham Life Sciences, cat. no. GN6085)
  • 4-thiouracil (4TU; Sigma, cat. no. 440736)
  • DMSO, tissue-culture grade (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D2650-5X5ML) — ! CAUTION irritant/flammable, wear gloves/goggles
  • Chloroform (Alfa Aesar/Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 43685) — ! CAUTION toxic/corrosive, use fume hood
  • Chloroform/isoamyl alcohol 24:1 (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. C0549) — ! CAUTION toxic/corrosive, use fume hood
  • TRIzol (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 15596026) — ! CAUTION contains phenol, toxic, causes burns
  • Ethanol (VWR, cat. no. 24105) — ! CAUTION flammable
  • Lyticase from Arthrobacter luteus (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. L2524) — ! CAUTION may cause respiratory allergy, use P1 filter when weighing powder
  • EDTA (Fisher Scientific, cat. no. D/0700/53)
  • 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. M3148-25ML)
  • (Optional) Bromophenol blue (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. B0126)
  • PBS (VWR, cat. no. 45000)
  • SDS pellets (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 75746)
  • ECL reagent (SuperSignal West Pico PLUS; Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 34580)
  • Sodium acetate (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. AM9740)
  • Methylene blue (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. M9140)
  • NaOH solution (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 72068) — ! CAUTION corrosive
  • Trizma hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 93363)
  • MTSEA biotin-XX linker (Biotium, cat. no. BT90066) — CRITICAL make 10× stock, 1 mg/mL in DMF, store −80 °C up to 6 months
  • DMF (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D4551) — ! CAUTION toxic
  • Phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1 (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 15593031) — ! CAUTION toxic
  • NaCl (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. S3014)
  • Isopropanol (Fisher Scientific, cat. no. P/7500/PC17) — ! CAUTION flammable
  • µMACS Streptavidin Kit (Miltenyi, cat. no. 130-074-101) — CRITICAL prefer Miltenyi beads + µColumns for lower background
  • Tween 20 (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. P2287)
  • DTT (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 10197777001) — ! CAUTION toxic if ingested
  • Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. Q10210)
  • Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. Q32852)
  • PureLink RNA Mini Kit (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 12183020)
  • HRP-conjugated streptavidin (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. N100)
  • RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit (Qiagen, cat. no. 74204)
  • Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit (cat. no. 5067-1513)
  • Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit (cat. no. 5067-1511)
  • Strand-specific RNA library prep kit (e.g., KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit, KAPA Biosystems cat. no. KR0934, or KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit, Roche cat. no. 08098093702, + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit, Roche cat. no. 08278555702)
  • DRB (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D1916) — only needed for DRB/TTchem-seq

试剂

  • DMEM high-glucose GlutaMAX(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 10566-016)
  • 胎牛血清 FBS(Gibco/Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 10270098)
  • L-Glutamine(200 mM, Thermo Fisher, cat. no. A2916801)
  • YPD 培养液(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. A1374501)
  • 4-thiouridine(4SU;Glentham Life Sciences, cat. no. GN6085)
  • 4-thiouracil(4TU;Sigma, cat. no. 440736)
  • DMSO,组织培养级(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D2650-5X5ML)— ! 注意 刺激性/易燃,戴手套护目镜
  • 氯仿(Alfa Aesar/Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 43685)— ! 注意 有毒腐蚀,通风橱操作
  • 氯仿/异戊醇 24:1(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. C0549)— ! 注意 有毒腐蚀,通风橱操作
  • TRIzol(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 15596026)— ! 注意 含苯酚,有毒,接触皮肤会灼伤
  • 乙醇(VWR, cat. no. 24105)— ! 注意 易燃
  • 来自 Arthrobacter luteus 的 Lyticase(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. L2524)— ! 注意 可能引起呼吸道过敏,称粉末时使用 P1 滤芯
  • EDTA(Fisher Scientific, cat. no. D/0700/53)
  • 2-mercaptoethanol(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. M3148-25ML)
  • (可选)溴酚蓝 Bromophenol blue(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. B0126)
  • PBS(VWR, cat. no. 45000)
  • SDS 颗粒(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 75746)
  • ECL 试剂(SuperSignal West Pico PLUS;Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 34580)
  • 醋酸钠(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. AM9740)
  • 亚甲基蓝 Methylene blue(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. M9140)
  • NaOH 溶液(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 72068)— ! 注意 腐蚀性
  • Trizma hydrochloride(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 93363)
  • MTSEA biotin-XX linker(Biotium, cat. no. BT90066)— 关键 配成 10× 母液,1 mg/mL 溶于 DMF,−80 °C 保存最长 6 个月
  • DMF(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D4551)— ! 注意 有毒
  • 苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇 25:24:1(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 15593031)— ! 注意 有毒
  • NaCl(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. S3014)
  • 异丙醇(Fisher Scientific, cat. no. P/7500/PC17)— ! 注意 易燃
  • µMACS Streptavidin Kit(Miltenyi, cat. no. 130-074-101)— 关键 推荐使用 Miltenyi 磁珠配合 µColumns,本底更低
  • Tween 20(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. P2287)
  • DTT(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. 10197777001)— ! 注意 误食有毒
  • Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. Q10210)
  • Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. Q32852)
  • PureLink RNA Mini Kit(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. 12183020)
  • HRP 标记的 streptavidin(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. N100)
  • RNeasy MinElute Cleanup Kit(Qiagen, cat. no. 74204)
  • Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit(cat. no. 5067-1513)
  • Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit(cat. no. 5067-1511)
  • 链特异性 RNA 建库试剂盒(如 KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit, KAPA Biosystems cat. no. KR0934,或 KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit, Roche cat. no. 08098093702 + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit, Roche cat. no. 08278555702)
  • DRB(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. D1916)— 仅 DRB/TTchem-seq 需要

Equipment

  • 6% TBE gels (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. EC6265BOX)
  • SYBR Gold (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. S11494)
  • 6× DNA loading dye (Thermo Fisher, cat. no. R0611)
  • RNaseZAP (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. R2020)
  • MaXtract high-density phase-lock-gel tubes, 1.5 mL (Qiagen, cat. no. 129046) and 2 mL (cat. no. 129056)
  • Micro Bio-Spin P-30 gel columns, Tris pH 7.4 (Bio-Rad, cat. no. 732-6250)
  • Hybond-N membrane (GE Healthcare, cat. no. RPN203N)
  • Whatman paper (GE Healthcare, cat. no. 3030-917)
  • Cooling table-top centrifuge (Eppendorf 5427 R)
  • µMACS magnetic separator (Miltenyi, cat. no. 130-042-602) + MACS multistand (cat. no. 130-042-303)
  • Dot or slot blot apparatus (GE Healthcare PR 648 slot blot manifold)
  • Qubit fluorometer (Thermo Fisher Q33238)
  • Crosslinker, Stratalinker 2400 with 254-nm bulbs
  • 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent G2939BA)
  • PCR thermocycler (Bio-Rad T100, cat. no. 1861096)
  • Sequencer (Illumina HiSeq2500 or HiSeq4000)

仪器设备

  • 6% TBE 胶(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. EC6265BOX)
  • SYBR Gold(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. S11494)
  • 6× DNA loading dye(Thermo Fisher, cat. no. R0611)
  • RNaseZAP(Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. R2020)
  • MaXtract 高密度相分离凝胶管,1.5 mL(Qiagen, cat. no. 129046)和 2 mL(cat. no. 129056)
  • Micro Bio-Spin P-30 凝胶柱,Tris pH 7.4(Bio-Rad, cat. no. 732-6250)
  • Hybond-N 膜(GE Healthcare, cat. no. RPN203N)
  • Whatman 滤纸(GE Healthcare, cat. no. 3030-917)
  • 冷冻台式离心机(Eppendorf 5427 R)
  • µMACS 磁力分离架(Miltenyi, cat. no. 130-042-602)+ MACS multistand(cat. no. 130-042-303)
  • Dot/slot blot 装置(GE Healthcare PR 648 slot blot manifold)
  • Qubit 荧光计(Thermo Fisher Q33238)
  • 交联仪,Stratalinker 2400,254-nm 灯管
  • 2100 Bioanalyzer(Agilent G2939BA)
  • PCR 仪(Bio-Rad T100, cat. no. 1861096)
  • 测序仪(Illumina HiSeq2500 或 HiSeq4000)

Software

  • SAMtools v.1.3.1
  • deepTools v.2.5.3
  • BEDTools v.2.27.1
  • kentUtils
  • STAR v.2.5.2a
  • Picard v.2.1.1
  • R v.3.5.1 + Bioconductor v.3.7
  • ngs.plot v.2.63
  • RStudio
  • FastQC
  • htseq-count
  • Analysis code/scripts: https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq (release https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2)

软件

  • SAMtools v.1.3.1
  • deepTools v.2.5.3
  • BEDTools v.2.27.1
  • kentUtils
  • STAR v.2.5.2a
  • Picard v.2.1.1
  • R v.3.5.1 + Bioconductor v.3.7
  • ngs.plot v.2.63
  • RStudio
  • FastQC
  • htseq-count
  • 分析代码/脚本:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq (release https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2)

Reagent setup

CRITICAL Use RNase-free, molecular biology–grade materials and water for all solutions.

  • 4SU (0.5 M) stock: 1 g 4SU (MW 260.27) in 7.68 mL DMSO (or 250 mg in 1.92 mL). Aliquot 100–500 µL. Store −20 °C, dark, ≤12 months.
  • 4TU (1 M) stock: 1 g 4TU (MW 128.15) in 7.80 mL water. Aliquot 500 µL. Store −20 °C, dark, ≤12 months.
  • DRB (100 mM) stock (DRB/TTchem-seq only): 10 mg DRB (MW 319.14) in 313.3 µL DMSO. Aliquot 50 µL. Store −20 °C, dark, ≤12 months.
  • EDTA (0.5 M, pH 8.0): 186.12 g EDTA in 700 mL RNase-free water, pH to 8.0 with NaOH, top up to 1 L. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Tris-HCl (1 M), pH 6.8: 157.6 g Trizma-HCl in 700 mL water, pH to 6.8 with NaOH, top up to 1 L. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Tris-HCl (1 M), pH 7.4: same as above but pH to 7.4. RT, ≤12 months.
  • NaCl (5 M): 292 g NaCl to 1 L water. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Enzymatic yeast RNA extraction buffer: 0.8 M sorbitol, 0.1 M EDTA, 0.1% (vol/vol) 2-mercaptoethanol + lyticase to 200 U/mL (add fresh). For 100 mL without lyticase: 14.57 g sorbitol + 2.92 g EDTA in water to 99.9 mL + 100 µL 2-mercaptoethanol; RT ≤12 months. Add lyticase fresh (200 U/mL) just before use.
  • Biotin buffer: 833 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 83.3 mM EDTA. 10 mL = 8.33 mL 1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.4 + 1.67 mL 0.5 M EDTA. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Dot/slot blot blocking buffer: 10% (wt/vol) SDS, 1 mM EDTA in PBS. 500 mL = 50 g SDS + 1 mL 0.5 M EDTA + PBS to 500 mL. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Dot/slot blot wash buffer I: 1% (wt/vol) SDS in PBS. 500 mL = 5 g SDS + PBS to 500 mL. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Dot/slot blot wash buffer II: 0.1% (wt/vol) SDS in PBS. 500 mL = 0.5 g SDS + PBS to 500 mL. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Dot/slot blot staining buffer: 0.5 M sodium acetate, 0.5% (wt/vol) methylene blue. 500 mL = 20.51 g sodium acetate + 250 mg methylene blue in water to 500 mL. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Pull-down wash buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 10 mM EDTA, 1 M NaCl, 0.1% (vol/vol) Tween 20. 100 mL = 10 mL 1 M Tris-HCl pH7.4 + 2 mL 0.5 M EDTA + 20 mL 5 M NaCl + 100 µL Tween 20 + water to 100 mL. RT, ≤12 months.
  • Elution buffer: 100 mM DTT, freshly dissolved in RNase-free water (154 mg per 10 mL). Prepare immediately before use.

试剂配制

关键:所有溶液均须使用无 RNase、分子生物学级材料和水。

  • 4SU(0.5 M)母液:1 g 4SU(分子量 260.27)溶于 7.68 mL DMSO(或 250 mg 溶于 1.92 mL)。分装 100–500 µL/管。−20 °C 避光保存,≤12 个月。
  • 4TU(1 M)母液:1 g 4TU(分子量 128.15)溶于 7.80 mL 水。分装 500 µL/管。−20 °C 避光保存,≤12 个月。
  • DRB(100 mM)母液(仅 DRB/TTchem-seq 需要):10 mg DRB(分子量 319.14)溶于 313.3 µL DMSO。分装 50 µL/管。−20 °C 避光保存,≤12 个月。
  • EDTA(0.5 M,pH 8.0):186.12 g EDTA 溶于 700 mL 无 RNase 水,用 NaOH 调 pH 至 8.0,补水定容至 1 L。室温(RT)保存,≤12 个月。
  • Tris-HCl(1 M),pH 6.8:157.6 g Trizma-HCl 溶于 700 mL 水,用 NaOH 调 pH 至 6.8,补水定容至 1 L。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Tris-HCl(1 M),pH 7.4:同上,调 pH 至 7.4。RT,≤12 个月。
  • NaCl(5 M):292 g NaCl 定容至 1 L 水。RT,≤12 个月。
  • 酵母 RNA 酶解提取缓冲液:0.8 M sorbitol、0.1 M EDTA、0.1%(vol/vol)2-mercaptoethanol + lyticase 至 200 U/mL(现配)。不含 lyticase 的 100 mL 配方:14.57 g sorbitol + 2.92 g EDTA 溶于水至 99.9 mL + 100 µL 2-mercaptoethanol;RT ≤12 个月保存。使用前现加 lyticase(200 U/mL)。
  • Biotin buffer:833 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4,83.3 mM EDTA。10 mL = 8.33 mL 1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.4 + 1.67 mL 0.5 M EDTA。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Dot/slot blot 封闭液:10%(wt/vol)SDS,1 mM EDTA,溶于 PBS。500 mL = 50 g SDS + 1 mL 0.5 M EDTA + PBS 定容至 500 mL。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Dot/slot blot 洗涤液 I:1%(wt/vol)SDS 溶于 PBS。500 mL = 5 g SDS + PBS 定容至 500 mL。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Dot/slot blot 洗涤液 II:0.1%(wt/vol)SDS 溶于 PBS。500 mL = 0.5 g SDS + PBS 定容至 500 mL。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Dot/slot blot 染色液:0.5 M 醋酸钠,0.5%(wt/vol)亚甲基蓝。500 mL = 20.51 g 醋酸钠 + 250 mg 亚甲基蓝溶于水定容至 500 mL。RT,≤12 个月。
  • Pull-down 洗涤液:100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4,10 mM EDTA,1 M NaCl,0.1%(vol/vol)Tween 20。100 mL = 10 mL 1 M Tris-HCl pH7.4 + 2 mL 0.5 M EDTA + 20 mL 5 M NaCl + 100 µL Tween 20 + 水定容至 100 mL。RT,≤12 个月。
  • 洗脱液(Elution buffer):100 mM DTT,现用无 RNase 水配制(每 10 mL 用 154 mg)。须现配现用。

Procedure

实验步骤

A. Cell culture and 4SU labeling — Timing 24 h

  1. Seed cells at 50% confluency in a 10-cm dish, one dish per time point/sample/control; grow overnight (e.g., HEK293: high-glucose DMEM + 10% FBS + 2 mM L-glutamine). - CRITICAL STEP Always count cells to seed the same number each time (e.g., 2×10⁶ HEK293 cells/10-cm plate → ~50% confluency at seeding, ~70–80% next day; adjust per cell line). - Choose option A (TTchem-seq) or option B (DRB/TTchem-seq).

(A) TTchem-seq — 4SU only - (i) Add 4SU directly to medium to 1 mM final (e.g., 20 µL of 0.5 M 4SU into 10 mL medium), mix, incubate 15 min. - CRITICAL STEP Keep 4SU exposure time identical across all samples/controls. When processing many samples, stagger 4SU addition by 1 min per dish so each can be stopped at exactly the same elapsed time.

(B) DRB/TTchem-seq — DRB + 4SU - (i) Treat with 100 µM DRB for 3.5 h per time point (typically 10, 20, 30, 40 min after release); e.g. 10 µL of 100 mM DRB stock into 10 mL medium. - CRITICAL STEP Stagger DRB treatment/release times across samples to keep timing exact. - (ii) Release DRB with 3× washes of 10 mL pre-warmed (37 °C) PBS, then add pre-warmed fresh medium: - 10-min release: add fresh medium + 1 mM 4SU immediately after washes; label 10 min. - 20-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 10 min, then add 4SU to 1 mM for the last 10 min. - 30-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 20 min, then 4SU for the last 10 min. - 40-min release: fresh medium without 4SU for 30 min, then 4SU for the last 10 min. - CRITICAL STEP Keep the 4SU pulse exactly 10 min for every sample/control; stagger 4SU additions when processing multiple samples in parallel.

  1. Aspirate medium, stop labeling by adding 1 mL TRIzol per 10-cm dish (scale up for bigger dishes). Scrape cells with a cell lifter into a microcentrifuge tube. - ! CAUTION TRIzol is toxic — work in a fume hood; aspirate medium then quickly move the dish to the hood before adding TRIzol. - PAUSE POINT Cells in TRIzol: RT up to 30 min while collecting other samples, or −80 °C up to 1 year.

A. 细胞培养与 4SU 标记 —— 用时 24 h

  1. 将细胞以 50% 融合度接种于 10-cm 培养皿,每个时间点/样本/对照各一皿,过夜培养(例如 HEK293:高糖 DMEM + 10% FBS + 2 mM L-glutamine)。 - 关键步骤 每次实验都要计数接种,保证细胞数一致(例如每 10-cm 皿接种 2×10⁶ 个 HEK293 细胞,接种时约 50% 融合度,次日约 70–80%;需根据细胞系调整)。 - 根据目的选择 方案 A(TTchem-seq)或 方案 B(DRB/TTchem-seq)。

(A)TTchem-seq —— 仅 4SU - (i) 将 4SU 直接加入培养基至终浓度 1 mM(例如 20 µL 0.5 M 4SU 加入 10 mL 培养基),混匀,孵育 15 min。 - 关键步骤 所有样本/对照的 4SU 孵育时间必须完全一致。多样本同时处理时,每皿间隔 1 min 加 4SU,以便在相同的经过时间点统一终止标记。

(B)DRB/TTchem-seq —— DRB + 4SU - (i) 每个时间点用 100 µM DRB 处理 3.5 h(通常做释放后 10、20、30、40 min 四个时间点);例如 10 µL 100 mM DRB 母液加入 10 mL 培养基。 - 关键步骤 多个时间点应错开 DRB 处理/释放时间,以保证各样本计时精确。 - (ii) 用 3 次预热(37 °C)的 10 mL PBS 洗涤以解除 DRB 抑制,随后加入预热的新鲜培养基: - 10 min 释放:洗涤后立即加入含 1 mM 4SU 的新鲜培养基,标记 10 min。 - 20 min 释放:先加不含 4SU 的新鲜培养基孵育 10 min,再加 4SU 至 1 mM,标记最后 10 min。 - 30 min 释放:不含 4SU 培养基孵育 20 min,再加 4SU 标记最后 10 min。 - 40 min 释放:不含 4SU 培养基孵育 30 min,再加 4SU 标记最后 10 min。 - 关键步骤 每个样本/对照的 4SU 脉冲必须精确为 10 min;多样本并行处理时应错开加 4SU 的时间。

  1. 吸去培养基,每个 10-cm 皿加入 1 mL TRIzol 终止标记(大皿按比例增加)。用细胞刮刀将细胞刮入 TRIzol 混合液,收集到离心管中。 - ! 注意 TRIzol 有毒,须在通风橱内操作;先吸去培养基,再迅速将培养皿移入通风橱加入 TRIzol。 - 暂停点 细胞可在 TRIzol 中于 RT 保存最长 30 min(用于收集其他样本),或 −80 °C 长期保存(最长 1 年)。

B. Total RNA extraction — Timing 4–5 h

  1. Add 200 µL chloroform per 1 mL TRIzol–cell mixture, shake 30 s, spin 12,000g, 15 min, 4 °C. - ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP TRIzol/chloroform + isopropanol precipitation is preferred over column kits (not limited to ~100 µg binding capacity).
  2. Spin phase-lock-gel tubes 12,000g, 20–30 s, RT to settle gel. Transfer upper aqueous phase from Step 3 onto the gel. Add equal volume chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). Shake, spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C. - ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP phase-lock-gel tubes prevent organic-phase carryover.
  3. Transfer upper aqueous phase to a new tube, add 1.1 vol isopropanol, RT 20 min, spin 12,000g, 20 min, 4 °C to pellet RNA. - CRITICAL STEP Do not transfer any organic phase.
  4. Wash pellet in 750 µL 85% ethanol (don't disturb pellet), spin 7,500g, 5 min, 4 °C.
  5. Discard ethanol, air-dry pellet, resuspend in 50–100 µL RNase-free water. Measure concentration (Qubit RNA BR, expect >1 µg/µL) and check integrity (Bioanalyzer, Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit). - CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly (P1000 → quick spin 1,000g/RT/5s → P20 ultra-thin tip); air-dry until pellet edges look slightly transparent (~2–3 min) before resuspending. - CRITICAL STEP Use Qubit, not NanoDrop (NanoDrop overestimates RNA concentration) — accurate total-RNA quantitation is required for correct yeast spike-in dosing. (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table) - PAUSE POINT Mammalian total 4SU-RNA: −80 °C up to 1 year.

B. 总 RNA 提取 —— 用时 4–5 h

  1. 每 1 mL TRIzol–细胞混合液加入 200 µL 氯仿,剧烈振荡 30 s,12,000g、15 min、4 °C 离心。 - ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 推荐用 TRIzol/氯仿抽提后异丙醇沉淀,而非柱式试剂盒(柱式通常限制在约 100 µg 结合容量)。
  2. 相分离凝胶管以 12,000g、20–30 s、RT 离心使凝胶沉底。将步骤 3 上层水相转移到凝胶管上层。加入等体积氯仿/异戊醇(24:1)。振荡后 12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心。 - ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 相分离凝胶管可避免有机相污染。
  3. 将步骤 4 上层水相转移至新管,加入 1.1 倍体积异丙醇,RT 静置 20 min,12,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心沉淀 RNA。 - 关键步骤 切勿吸取有机相。
  4. 用 750 µL 85%(vol/vol)乙醇洗涤 RNA 沉淀(不要打散沉淀),7,500g、5 min、4 °C 离心。
  5. 弃去乙醇,风干沉淀,用 50–100 µL 无 RNase 水重悬。用 Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit 测浓度(应 >1 µg/µL),并用 Bioanalyzer(Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit)检查完整性。 - 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇(先用 P1000 吸走大部分,快速离心 1,000g/RT/5 s,再用带超细吸头的 P20 吸尽剩余液体);风干至沉淀边缘略透明(约 2–3 min)后再溶解。 - 关键步骤 必须用 Qubit 而非 NanoDrop 测浓度(NanoDrop 容易高估 RNA 浓度)——准确测定总 RNA 浓度对于正确加入酵母 spike-in 至关重要。(? 排障,见下表) - 暂停点 哺乳动物总 4SU-RNA 可于 −80 °C 保存最长 1 年。

C. Preparation of yeast 4SU-RNA spike-ins — Timing 24 h

  1. Grow 5-mL pre-culture of S. cerevisiae BY4741 in YPD (2% glucose) overnight at 30 °C, shaking.
  2. Dilute to OD600 = 0.1 in 50 mL, grow at 30 °C to OD600 = 0.8 (mid-log; usually 5–7 h).
  3. Label with 4TU to 5 mM final (e.g., 250 µL of 1 M stock into 50 mL culture), 5 min at 30 °C. Spin 500g, 5 min, 4 °C.
  4. Resuspend pellet in 300 µL enzymatic yeast RNA extraction buffer with lyticase, incubate 30 min at 30 °C.
  5. Purify RNA with PureLink RNA Mini Kit (yeast enzymatic protocol). Elute in 300 µL RNase-free water.
  6. Measure concentration (Qubit RNA BR; expect 500 ng/µL–1 µg/µL). PAUSE POINT −80 °C up to 1 year.

C. 酵母 4SU-RNA spike-in 制备 —— 用时 24 h

  1. S. cerevisiae BY4741 接种于 5 mL YPD(含 2% glucose)中,30 °C 摇床过夜(ON)培养预培养物。
  2. 将酵母培养物稀释至 OD600 = 0.1(50 mL 培养体系),30 °C 培养至 OD600 = 0.8(对数中期;通常需 5–7 h)。
  3. 加入 4TU 至终浓度 5 mM 进行标记(例如 250 µL 1 M 4TU 母液加入 50 mL 培养液),30 °C 标记 5 min。500g、5 min、4 °C 离心收集细胞。
  4. 将细胞沉淀重悬于 300 µL 含 lyticase 的酵母 RNA 酶解提取缓冲液中,转移至离心管,30 °C 孵育 30 min。
  5. 用 PureLink RNA Mini Kit(酵母酶解方案)按说明书纯化 RNA。用 300 µL 无 RNase 水洗脱。
  6. 用 Qubit RNA BR Assay Kit 测浓度(预期 500 ng/µL–1 µg/µL)。暂停点 −80 °C 可保存最长 1 年。

D. Assessment of 4SU incorporation by dot or slot blot — Timing 7 h

  1. Prepare 2–10 µg total RNA (from Step 7 or 13) per sample in 247 µL RNase-free water.
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep mammalian and yeast RNA separate for this assessment (yeast 4TU signal at 5 min ≫ mammalian 4SU signal at 10–15 min).
  2. Add 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker (in DMF); RT, 30 min, dark.
  3. Purify biotinylated RNA on phase-lock-gel tubes with 250 µL phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C; keep upper aqueous phase.
    • ! CAUTION fume hood. CRITICAL STEP Use phenol/chloroform, not column kits — kit buffers often contain reducing agents that cleave the biotin disulfide bond.
  4. Precipitate with 1/10 vol 5 M NaCl + 1.1 vol isopropanol; invert, RT 10 min.
  5. Spin 20,000g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  6. Wash pellet in 500 µL 85% ethanol, spin 20,000g, 5 min, 4 °C.
    • CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly as in Step 7; air-dry ~2–3 min before resuspending.
  7. Reconstitute in 10 µL RNase-free water.
  8. Soak Hybond-N membrane + Whatman paper in RNase-free water; assemble in dot/slot blot apparatus; connect vacuum.
    • CRITICAL STEP Pre-wet membrane/paper, ensure a tight seal to prevent well-to-well diffusion.
  9. Load 10 µL sample (2–10 µg biotinylated RNA) per well.
    • CRITICAL STEP Optional 0.001% bromophenol blue helps visualize loading.
  10. Turn off vacuum, disassemble, mark membrane orientation (cut a corner).
  11. UV-crosslink at 0.2 J/cm² (254 nm).
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep UV dose constant, not exposure time (bulb output varies with warm-up).
  12. Block in dot/slot blot blocking buffer, 20 min, RT.
    • CRITICAL STEP Don't let blocking buffer get cold (SDS precipitates below RT).
  13. Probe with 1:50,000 HRP-streptavidin (1 mg/mL) in blocking buffer, 15 min, RT.
  14. Wash: 2× blocking buffer (10 min), 2× wash buffer I (10 min), 2× wash buffer II (10 min).
  15. Detect with ECL (dilute 1:5 if signal too strong).
    • CRITICAL STEP Yeast (4TU) signal is ~100× the mammalian (4SU) signal. (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table)
  16. Stain for RNA loading with staining buffer, 10 min RT; de-stain with water washes (last wash can be overnight); image on a scanner.
    • CRITICAL STEP Wash enough to remove background but not so much that RNA stain is lost.

D. 通过 dot 或 slot blot 检测 4SU 掺入效率 —— 用时 7 h

  1. 每个样本取 2–10 µg 总 RNA(来自步骤 7 或 13),用无 RNase 水配至总体积 247 µL。
    • 关键步骤 检测阶段哺乳动物和酵母 RNA 样本须分开处理(酵母 5 min 的 4TU 信号远强于哺乳动物 10–15 min 的 4SU 信号)。
  2. 加入 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker(溶于 DMF);RT 避光孵育 30 min。
  3. 用相分离凝胶管配合 250 µL 苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇(25:24:1)纯化生物素化 RNA;12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心;保留上层水相。
    • ! 注意 通风橱操作。关键步骤 须用苯酚/氯仿而非柱式试剂盒纯化——试剂盒缓冲液常含还原剂,会切断生物素连接的二硫键。
  4. 加入 1/10 体积 5 M NaCl + 1.1 倍体积异丙醇沉淀;颠倒混匀,RT 静置 10 min。
  5. 20,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  6. 用 500 µL 85% 乙醇洗涤沉淀,20,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心。
    • 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇,方法同步骤 7;风干约 2–3 min 后再溶解。
  7. 用 10 µL 无 RNase 水重悬沉淀。
  8. 将 Hybond-N 膜和 Whatman 滤纸在无 RNase 水中浸泡,装入 dot/slot blot 装置;接通真空泵。
    • 关键步骤 组装前须充分浸润膜和滤纸,并确保装置密封良好,防止样本在孔间扩散。
  9. 每孔加样 10 µL(含 2–10 µg 生物素化 RNA)。
    • 关键步骤 可加入 0.001%(wt/vol)溴酚蓝以帮助观察加样过程。
  10. 关闭真空泵,拆卸装置,剪去膜一角以标记方向。
  11. UV 交联,剂量 0.2 J/cm²(254 nm),使用 Stratalinker 或同类设备。
    • 关键步骤 应保持 UV 剂量 恒定而非照射时间恒定(灯管预热状态不同会影响实际剂量)。
  12. 用封闭液封闭膜,RT 孵育 20 min。
    • 关键步骤 封闭液温度不能过低(低于 RT 时 SDS 会析出沉淀)。
  13. 用 1:50,000 稀释的 1 mg/mL HRP-streptavidin(溶于封闭液)孵育膜,RT 15 min。
  14. 洗膜:封闭液洗 2 次(各 10 min),洗涤液 I 洗 2 次(各 10 min),洗涤液 II 洗 2 次(各 10 min)。
  15. 用 ECL 试剂显色检测(若信号过强可将 ECL 试剂用水稀释 1:5)。
    • 关键步骤 酵母(4TU)信号约为哺乳动物(4SU)信号的 ~100 倍。(? 排障,见下表)
  16. 用染色液对膜进行 RNA 上样量染色,RT 10 min;用水多次脱色(最后一次可过夜);用扫描仪拍照记录。
    • 关键步骤 需洗去背景染色,但也不要过度洗涤以免把 RNA 本身的染色也洗掉。

E. RNA fragmentation — Timing 1 h

  1. Mix 100 µg 4SU-labeled mammalian RNA (Step 7) + 1 µg yeast 4TU-RNA (Step 13) in 100 µL RNase-free water (on ice) per sample. Add 20 µL 1 M NaOH, incubate 20 min on ice.
    • CRITICAL STEP Same yeast spike-in amount in every sample; dilute yeast RNA to avoid <2 µL pipetting.
    • CRITICAL STEP Spike-ins are added to extracted RNA (not to the TRIzol–cell mixture, since cells can't be counted post-TRIzol); if per-cell RNA content is expected to change, base spike-in dosing on parallel cell counts instead.
    • CRITICAL STEP Ice incubation time controls fragment size; extend to 30–40 min for shorter fragments.
  2. Stop fragmentation with 80 µL 1 M Tris pH 6.8; proceed immediately to Micro Bio-Spin P-30 clean-up.
    • CRITICAL STEP Tris alone doesn't fully stop fragmentation — go straight to the columns.
  3. Prepare Micro Bio-Spin P-30 columns: invert to resuspend gel, snap tips, drain packing buffer by gravity (~2 min), then spin 1,000g, 2 min, RT to remove residual buffer.
  4. Apply 200 µL sample (from Step 31) to column center; spin 1,000g, 4 min, RT; collect flow-through.
  5. Repeat clean-up (new column) using all Step-33 eluate; collect final flow-through as fragmented RNA in Tris buffer.
    • CRITICAL STEP Two rounds are needed to fully neutralize pH and stop fragmentation.
    • PAUSE POINT On ice a few hours, or −80 °C up to 1 year.

E. RNA 片段化 —— 用时 1 h

  1. 每个样本将 100 µg 4SU 标记的哺乳动物 RNA(步骤 7)与 1 µg 酵母 4TU-RNA(步骤 13)混合于 100 µL 无 RNase 水中(置于冰上)。加入 20 µL 1 M NaOH,冰上孵育 20 min。
    • 关键步骤 各样本加入的酵母 spike-in 量必须一致;酵母 RNA 应事先稀释以避免移取体积 <2 µL。
    • 关键步骤 spike-in 加在提取后的 RNA 中(而非 TRIzol–细胞混合液中),因为 TRIzol 处理后无法再计数细胞;若预期细胞内 RNA 总量会变化,应改为按平行培养皿的细胞计数来加 spike-in。
    • 关键步骤 冰上孵育时间决定片段长度;如需更短片段,可延长至 30–40 min。
  2. 加入 80 µL 1 M Tris pH 6.8 终止片段化反应,并立即进行 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 纯化。
    • 关键步骤 单独加 Tris 不足以完全终止片段化——须立即上柱纯化。
  3. 制备 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 柱:颠倒使凝胶重悬,掰断柱尖,重力排出多余包装缓冲液(约 2 min),再 1,000g、2 min、RT 离心去除残余缓冲液。
  4. 将 200 µL 样本(来自步骤 31)加至柱中心;1,000g、4 min、RT 离心;收集流出液。
  5. 用新柱重复步骤 32–33 纯化流程(取步骤 33 全部洗脱液上样);收集最终流出液,即 Tris 缓冲液中的片段化 RNA。
    • 关键步骤 须进行两轮纯化以确保 RNA 溶液恢复中性 pH,防止继续片段化。
    • 暂停点 可短期置于冰上(数小时),或 −80 °C 保存最长 1 年。

F. Biotinylation of 4SU-RNA — Timing 2 h

  1. Add 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker (in DMF) to the 200 µL fragmented RNA (Step 34); RT, 30 min, dark.
  2. Purify on phase-lock-gel tubes with 250 µL phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1); spin 12,000g, 5 min, 4 °C; keep aqueous phase.
    • ! CAUTION fume hood.
  3. Precipitate with 1/10 vol 5 M NaCl + 1.1 vol isopropanol; invert, RT 10 min.
  4. Spin 20,000g, 20 min, 4 °C; discard supernatant.
  5. Wash pellet in 500 µL 85% ethanol, spin 20,000g, 5 min, 4 °C, discard ethanol.
    • CRITICAL STEP Remove residual ethanol thoroughly, as in Step 7.
  6. Reconstitute in 50 µL RNase-free water. PAUSE POINT on ice a few hours, or −80 °C a few days.

F. 4SU-RNA 生物素化 —— 用时 2 h

  1. 向步骤 34 所得 200 µL 片段化 RNA 中加入 3 µL biotin buffer + 50 µL 0.1 mg/mL MTSEA biotin-XX linker(溶于 DMF),混匀;RT 避光孵育 30 min。
  2. 用相分离凝胶管配合 250 µL 苯酚/氯仿/异戊醇(25:24:1)纯化;12,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心;保留水相。
    • ! 注意 通风橱操作。
  3. 加入 1/10 体积 5 M NaCl + 1.1 倍体积异丙醇沉淀;颠倒混匀,RT 静置 10 min。
  4. 20,000g、20 min、4 °C 离心;弃上清。
  5. 用 500 µL 85% 乙醇洗涤沉淀,20,000g、5 min、4 °C 离心,弃乙醇。
    • 关键步骤 彻底去除残余乙醇,方法同步骤 7。
  6. 用 50 µL 无 RNase 水重悬。暂停点 可短期置于冰上(数小时),或 −80 °C 保存数天。

G. Streptavidin pull-down of 4SU-RNA — Timing 2–3 h

  1. Denature biotinylated RNA (Step 40) 65 °C, 10 min; cool on ice 5 min.
  2. Add 200 µL µMACS streptavidin MicroBeads; rotate 15 min, RT.
  3. Rinse a µColumn (on the magnetic separator) with 100 µL nucleic acid equilibration buffer.
    • CRITICAL STEP Use a 2-mL syringe plunger to press out air bubbles and start flow.
  4. Load beads+RNA onto the column; magnetic beads retain, non-4SU RNA flows through (optionally collect as "non-4SU preexisting RNA").
    • CRITICAL STEP Keep the column on the magnet throughout washing/elution.
  5. Wash column 2× with 500 µL pre-warmed (55 °C) pull-down wash buffer.
  6. Elute with 100 µL elution buffer (RT); repeat after 5 min with another 100 µL; pool eluates.
    • CRITICAL STEP Prepare elution buffer immediately before use.
  7. Clean up/concentrate eluate(s) with RNeasy MinElute: for a 200-µL sample, add 700 µL RLT buffer + 1,050 µL 100% ethanol, apply over 3 rounds (700 µL onto column, spin 11,000g/30s/RT, discard flow-through, repeat), then follow Qiagen protocol. Elute in 15 µL RNase-free water.
    • CRITICAL STEP The extra ethanol (1.5× vs. standard protocol) is required to retain <200-nt fragments, which the standard MinElute protocol would discard.
  8. Check size on Bioanalyzer (Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit) — should match Step-34 fragment size. Measure concentration with Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit.
    • CRITICAL STEP Use Qubit, not NanoDrop. Typical yield: 200–700 ng 4SU-RNA per 100 µg total RNA (TTchem-seq); ~50–100 ng (DRB/TTchem-seq, due to RNAPII synchronization near TSS). (? TROUBLESHOOTING, see table)
    • PAUSE POINT −80 °C, up to a few weeks before library prep.

G. 4SU-RNA 的 Streptavidin 富集 —— 用时 2–3 h

  1. 将生物素化 RNA(步骤 40)65 °C 变性 10 min;冰上快速冷却 5 min。
  2. 加入 200 µL µMACS streptavidin MicroBeads,旋转孵育 15 min,RT。
  3. 将 µColumn 置于磁力分离架上,用 100 µL nucleic acid equilibration buffer 润洗柱子。
    • 关键步骤 用 2-mL 注射器活塞轻压柱顶以排出气泡并启动流动。
  4. 将磁珠+RNA 样本加至柱顶:磁珠会被固定在柱基质中,非 4SU-RNA 流出(可选择收集作为"非 4SU 标记的原有 RNA")。
    • 关键步骤 整个洗涤和洗脱过程中须始终将柱保持在磁力架上。
  5. 用预热(55 °C)的 pull-down 洗涤液洗柱 2 次,每次 500 µL。
  6. 加入 100 µL 洗脱液(RT)洗脱 4SU-RNA 并收集洗脱液;5 min 后用另外 100 µL 洗脱液重复洗脱一次,合并两次洗脱液。
    • 关键步骤 洗脱液须现配现用。
  7. 用 RNeasy MinElute 对洗脱液进行纯化浓缩:以 200 µL 样本为例,加入 700 µL RLT buffer + 1,050 µL 100% 乙醇,分三次上样至柱(每次 700 µL 混合液上柱,11,000g/30 s/RT 离心,弃流出液,加入下一部分),随后按 Qiagen 说明书完成剩余步骤。用 15 µL 无 RNase 水洗脱。
    • 关键步骤 相较标准 RNeasy MinElute 方案,须多加 1.5×(vol/vol)乙醇才能保留 <200 nt 的片段(标准方案会丢弃这些小片段)。
  8. 用 Bioanalyzer(Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit)检查纯化后 4SU-RNA 的大小——应与步骤 34 片段化后的大小一致。用 Qubit RNA HS Assay Kit 测浓度以确定建库前浓度。
    • 关键步骤 须用 Qubit 而非 NanoDrop 测浓度。典型产量:TTchem-seq 每 100 µg 总 RNA 得 200–700 ng 4SU-RNA;DRB/TTchem-seq 由于 RNAPII 在 TSS 附近同步化,产量约 50–100 ng。(? 排障,见下表)
    • 暂停点 −80 °C 可保存数周,待建库。

H. Strand-specific library preparation — Timing 2 d

  1. Prepare libraries from purified 4SU-RNA using any strand-specific, Illumina-compatible kit (e.g., KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit or KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit). No further RNA fragmentation is needed — follow the kit's "degraded RNA" protocol: 30 s at 65 °C with 2× fragment/prime/elute buffer (KAPA Stranded) or 1 min at 65 °C (KAPA RNA HyperPrep), before first-strand synthesis.
    • CRITICAL STEP Best coverage from >50 ng 4SU-RNA input; typically start from ~100–300 ng (as little as 10 ng can work).
  2. Follow the kit's remaining steps. Optional test PCR to set cycle number: pause after 6 cycles, remove 10–20% aliquot, continue removing an aliquot every 2 cycles; run on 6% TBE gel with SYBR Gold; pick "two cycles before saturation" (typically 6–9 cycles total).
  3. QC the final library for concentration and size (typically 280–300 nt peak with KAPA kits). PAUSE POINT −20 °C, several months.

H. 链特异性建库 —— 用时 2 d

  1. 用纯化的 4SU-RNA 制备高通量测序文库,可使用任意标准的链特异性、Illumina 兼容建库试剂盒(如 KAPA Stranded RNA-Seq Library Prep Kit,或 KAPA RNA HyperPrep Kit + KAPA Dual-Indexed Adapter Kit)。由于 RNA 已在前面片段化,建库过程无需再次片段化——按试剂盒的"降解 RNA"方案操作:一链合成前先用 2× fragment/prime/elute buffer 于 65 °C 孵育 30 s(KAPA Stranded)或 65 °C 孵育 1 min(KAPA RNA HyperPrep)。
    • 关键步骤 起始量 >50 ng 4SU-RNA 时覆盖度效果最佳;通常从 ~100–300 ng 起始(最少 10 ng 也可能成功)。
  2. 按试剂盒说明完成剩余建库步骤。可选做一次测试 PCR 来确定循环数:设置最终 PCR,在第 6 个循环后暂停,取出 10–20% 体积置于冰上,之后每隔 2 个循环再取一次;加 loading dye 后跑 6% TBE 胶,SYBR Gold 染色,UV 下观察;选择"饱和前两个循环"作为最终循环数(通常为 6–9 个循环)。
  3. 对最终文库进行常规质控,确定 DNA 浓度并确认片段大小(取决于 RNA 片段大小及试剂盒接头长度;用 KAPA 试剂盒典型峰值为 280–300 nt)。暂停点 −20 °C 可保存数月。

I. High-throughput sequencing — Timing 16 h

  1. Sequence single-end or paired-end, ~50–70 million reads/sample (HiSeq 2500/4000 or equivalent).
    • CRITICAL STEP 3–4 samples/lane on HiSeq 4000 for high-resolution single-gene profiles; more multiplexing (aiming ~30 million reads/sample) is OK if only metagene profiles are needed.

I. 高通量测序 —— 用时 16 h

  1. 以单端或双端模式测序(选择依据见原文 Introduction),每样本约 50–70 M reads(HiSeq 2500、HiSeq 4000 或其他兼容平台)。
    • 关键步骤 所需测序深度取决于下游分析和生物学问题。为获得高分辨率的单基因图谱(即使是低表达蛋白编码基因和 lncRNA),通常每条 lane 上样 3–4 个样本(HiSeq 4000)。若只需 metagene 图谱,可增加多重上样量,目标约 30 M reads/样本。

J. Bioinformatics analysis — Timing 2–5 d

  1. QC with FastQC (or similar).
    • CRITICAL STEP At 50–70 million reads/sample, expect >45–65 million mapped reads after trimming/alignment. Lower depth (e.g. 30 million) may work but is risky for single-gene conclusions, especially DRB/TTchem-seq at later time points.
  2. Alignment: build STAR genome indices for target (e.g. GRCh38) and spike-in (sacCer3) genomes; align with --quantMode GeneCounts (adjust for single-/paired-end); sort/index/mark-duplicates with SAMtools or Picard.
  3. Scale factors: build a yeast gene-count matrix from spike-in alignments (STAR *.ReadsPerGene.out.tab, or htseq-count / GenomicAlignments::summarizeOverlaps); pass to DESeq2's estimateSizeFactors. If counts aren't applicable, use total unique mapped reads instead.
  4. BigWig files: split target BAM into forward/reverse strand with SAMtools; convert each to a scaled BigWig with deepTools bamCoverage --scaleFactor.
    • (A) Metagene profiles (TTchem-seq): (i) build sense/antisense gene-body and TSS meta-profiles with ngs.plot –SS; for paired data, first restrict to mate-1 reads with SAMtools.
    • (B) RNAPII elongation rates (DRB/TTchem-seq only):
    • (i) Extended TSS meta-profiles: using R GRanges + GTF, build TSS-region intervals (−2 kb : +120 kb) for non-overlapping, 60–300 kb protein-coding genes (Ensembl gene view) on standard chromosomes; compute base-pair read-depth with bamsignals::bamCoverage; scale to RPM; take a 0.01-trimmed mean per bp.
    • (ii) Wave peak calling, metagene: fit smooth.spline (spar = 0.9) to each meta-profile; call the wave peak as the spline maximum; require peaks to advance monotonically with time.
    • (iii) Wave peak calling, single gene: same, per gene; filter out genes with total coverage <100 over the region, missing values, non-advancing peaks, or (optionally) a first-time-point peak <2 kb. Scripts: DRB-TTseq.R / DRB-TTseq.Rmd on https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2
    • (iv) Elongation rate: linear fit of wave-peak position vs. time (kb/min); optionally include an assumed t=0, position=0 point.
    • CRITICAL STEP Reference scripts/data: https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq (release v1.2 zip includes code + data).

J. 生信分析 —— 用时 2–5 d

  1. 用 FastQC(或类似软件)评估文库质量。
    • 关键步骤 每样本测序深度为 50–70 M reads 时,经接头修剪和比对后预期获得 >45–65 M 有效比对 reads。较低深度(如 30 M)也可能可用,但基于单基因结论会更不可靠,尤其在 DRB/TTchem-seq 释放后期时间点信号更分散的情况下。
  2. 比对:为目标基因组(如 Homo sapiens GRCh38)和 spike-in 基因组(S. cerevisiae sacCer3)构建 STAR 基因组索引(结合现有基因注释);用 STAR 加 --quantMode GeneCounts 参数进行比对(根据单端/双端调整);用 SAMtools 或 Picard 对生成的 BAM 文件排序、建索引、标记重复。
  3. Scale factor 计算:该步骤利用酵母 spike-in 的 read 数为每个测序样本做归一化,计算假设各样本中 spike-in 等量存在的"scale factor"。用比对到 spike-in 的结果生成酵母基因水平计数矩阵,输入 Bioconductor DESeq2 包的 estimateSizeFactors 函数计算 scale factor。基因计数可来自各样本 spike-in 比对的 STAR 输出文件(*.ReadsPerGene.out.tab),或直接从 BAM 文件用 htseq-count 或 Bioconductor GenomicAlignments::summarizeOverlaps 生成计数矩阵。若计数信息不适用,可改用 BAM 文件中唯一比对 reads 总数来计算 scale factor。
  4. 生成 BigWig 文件:先用 SAMtools 将目标 BAM 文件拆分为正链和负链两个 BAM 文件;再用 deepTools 的 bamCoverage --scaleFactor 参数将每个链特异性 BAM 文件转换为经过 scale factor 校正的 BigWig 文件。若要制作 TTchem-seq 的 metagene 图谱用方案 A;若要计算 RNAPII 延伸速率用方案 B。
    • (A)TTchem-seq 的 metagene 图谱:(i) 基因体和 TSS meta-profile:用 ngs.plot 的 –SS 选项制作正义/反义链的基因体和 TSS 区域 meta-profile;若为双端数据,先用 SAMtools 将 BAM 文件限制为仅 mate 1 的 reads。
    • (B)RNAPII 延伸速率计算(仅 DRB/TTchem-seq)
    • (i) 扩展 TSS meta-profile:用 R 的 GRanges 包和 GTF 基因注释文件,为标准染色体上长度 60–300 kb、互不重叠的蛋白编码基因(采用 Ensembl gene view,即合并所有转录本区间来定义基因边界)建立一组 TSS 区域基因组区间(−2 kb : +120 kb)。用 bamsignals::bamCoverage 函数从 BAM 文件计算这些区间上碱基级别的读段深度,将覆盖度归一化为 RPM(reads per million),并对每个碱基位置的 RPM 取 0.01 截尾均值。
    • (ii) Metagene 波峰计算:对每条扩展 TSS meta-profile 用 smooth.spline 函数拟合平滑样条(spar = 0.9);将样条曲线的最大值点定义为波峰;仅保留波峰随时间推进(较晚时间点的波峰须位于较早时间点波峰之后)的样条区段。
    • (iii) 单基因波峰计算:原理与 metagene 波峰计算相同,但受限于单基因读段深度较低。对每个基因拟合平滑样条并将样条最大值处定义为波峰;随后过滤掉表达过低的基因(例如 −2 kb : +120 kb 区间总碱基覆盖度 <100)、存在缺失值的基因,以及波峰不随时间推进的基因;此外可选择性过滤掉首个时间点(如 10 min)波峰 <2 kb 的基因,以减少来自 TSS 区域的噪声(是否需要取决于所用的时间点设置;有时若预期转录已到达基因末端,生成过滤条件时可忽略最后一个时间点)。相关波峰计算函数见 R 脚本 DRB-TTseq.R,及对应的 R markdown 文档 DRB-TTseq.Rmd 和 HTML 文件(DRB-TTseq.html),可在 GitHub 页面获取:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2 和 https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq
    • (iv) 延伸速率计算:对计算得到的波峰位置随时间拟合线性模型,得到以 kb/min 为单位的延伸速率。若缺少 time = 0 的样本,可选择性地假设一个波峰位置为距 TSS 0 bp 的 time = 0 点纳入计算。相关计算函数见上述 GitHub 页面。
    • 关键步骤 TTchem-seq 和 DRB/TTchem-seq 分析的详细说明及示例脚本见:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2 和 https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq。该 release 页面还包含含全部代码和相关数据的 .zip 文件。

Troubleshooting

Step Problem Possible reason Solution
7 Degraded RNA before fragmentation RNase contamination Use clean tips/fresh RNase-free buffers; wear gloves; clean pipettes with RNaseZAP
28 No dot/slot blot signal Lack of 4SU incorporation Confirm 4SU concentration/storage (light-sensitive); use 200 µM 4SU overnight or 5-min 5 mM 4TU yeast labeling as positive control (~100× stronger signal)
28 No dot/slot blot signal No biotinylation of 4SU residues If the positive control also fails, biotinylation likely failed — remake MTSEA biotin-XX linker, store at −80 °C protected from light
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Insufficient 4SU incorporation Check incorporation by dot/slot blot before pull-down; scale up starting material if yield <50 ng
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Inactive biotin linker Aliquot MTSEA biotin-XX, store dark at −80 °C, use within a year
48 No/low 4SU-RNA after pull-down Poor elution Use freshly prepared elution buffer
RNA fragments too short after hydrolysis Over-fragmentation Perform hydrolysis on ice; add 1 M Tris pH 6.8 immediately after the 20-min incubation and proceed straight to Micro Bio-Spin P-30 clean-up
High background in non-4SU control Pull-down not stringent enough Pre-heat pull-down wash buffer to 55 °C (keep pre-heated aliquots); can add 2 washes in 8 M guanidinium chloride + 3 washes in TE (10 mM Tris pH 7.4, 1 mM EDTA) at 55 °C

排障(Troubleshooting)

步骤 问题 可能原因 解决方案
7 片段化前 RNA 已降解 RNase 污染 使用洁净枪头和新鲜配制的无 RNase 缓冲液;操作时戴手套;用 RNaseZAP 清洁移液器
28 无 dot/slot blot 信号 4SU 掺入不足 确认加入细胞的 4SU 浓度正确;4SU 见光易分解,须避光保存;可用 200 µM 4SU 过夜标记或 5 min、5 mM 4TU 酵母标记作阳性对照(信号通常比哺乳动物强 ~100 倍)
28 无 dot/slot blot 信号 4SU 残基未被生物素化 若阳性对照(见上)也无信号,很可能是生物素化反应失败——重新配制 MTSEA biotin-XX linker,−80 °C 避光保存
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 新合成 RNA 中 4SU 掺入不足 4SU 掺入效率因细胞系而异,应在做生物素标记和富集前先用 dot/slot blot 确认掺入效率是否足够;若产量仍过低(<50 ng),可能需要增加起始材料量
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 生物素 linker 失活 分装 MTSEA biotin-XX linker,避光 −80 °C 保存,一年内用完
48 Streptavidin 富集后无或极少 4SU-RNA 4SU-RNA 从磁珠洗脱不佳 使用新鲜配制的洗脱液进行 4SU-RNA 洗脱
水解后 RNA 片段过短 RNA 过度片段化 确保受控 RNA 碱水解在冰上进行;20 min 孵育结束后立即加入 1 M Tris pH 6.8,并立即进行 Micro Bio-Spin P-30 柱纯化
非 4SU 对照中本底过高 4SU-RNA 纯化的严格程度不够 确保 pull-down 洗涤液预热至 55 °C(提前准备小份预热液,每次洗涤各用一份);也可参考文献做法,在 1 M NaCl pull-down 洗涤液的两次洗涤基础上,增加两次 8 M 盐酸胍变性缓冲液洗涤,再于 55 °C 用 TE 缓冲液(10 mM Tris pH 7.4,1 mM EDTA)洗涤三次

Timing

Stage Steps Time
Cell culture and 4SU incorporation 1–2 24 h
Total RNA extraction 3–7 4–5 h
Yeast 4SU-RNA spike-in prep 8–13 24 h
Assessment of 4SU incorporation (dot/slot blot) 14–29 7 h
RNA fragmentation 30–34 1 h
Biotinylation of 4SU-RNA 35–40 2 h
Streptavidin pull-down of 4SU-RNA 41–48 2–3 h
Strand-specific library preparation 49–51 2 d
High-throughput sequencing 52 16 h
Bioinformatics analysis 53–56 2–5 d

时间安排

阶段 步骤 用时
细胞培养与 4SU 标记 1–2 24 h
总 RNA 提取 3–7 4–5 h
酵母 4SU-RNA spike-in 制备 8–13 24 h
dot/slot blot 检测 4SU 掺入效率 14–29 7 h
RNA 片段化 30–34 1 h
4SU-RNA 生物素化 35–40 2 h
Streptavidin 富集 4SU-RNA 41–48 2–3 h
链特异性建库 49–51 2 d
高通量测序 52 16 h
生信分析 53–56 2–5 d

Reference data

  • All sequencing data: GEO accession GSE121826
  • Analysis code: https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq and https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2

参考数据

  • 全部测序数据:GEO accession GSE121826
  • 分析代码:https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq 和 https://github.com/crickbabs/DRB_TT-seq/releases/tag/v1.2